The Physiology of the Joints

Synopsis

The Physiology of the Joints, conceived and written more than forty years ago by Dr. A. I. Kapandji, deals with biomechanics, a subject until then mentioned only incidentally in textbooks of anatomy. Following his lead, every anatomy textbook nowadays has a large component devoted to the functional aspect of the locomotor system, which has become an essential scientific subject. The seventh edition of this volume deals with the head and the spinal column and has been expanded with the inclusion of new diagrams and text dealing in particular with:  the role of the femurs during the different stages of labour the concepts of mass, weight and barycentre how to localise the barycentres joint hypermobility the law of parsimony and the law of universal profusion This book is intended for medical and physical therapy students; and for practising physicians and surgeons wishing to increase their knowledge of the functional anatomy of the locomotor system.

Summary

Chapter 1: Introduction

* Defines a joint as an anatomical site where two or more bones meet.
* Classifies joints based on their structure (e.g., synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous) and function (e.g., mobility, stability).

Example: The knee joint is a synovial joint that allows for a wide range of motion while providing stability for weight-bearing.

Chapter 2: Structure of Synovial Joints

* Describes the components of a synovial joint, including the articular cartilage, synovial membrane, capsule, and ligaments.
* Explains the role of lubrication and nutrition in joint health.

Example: Osteoarthritis occurs when the articular cartilage in synovial joints breaks down, leading to pain and stiffness.

Chapter 3: Biomechanics of Synovial Joints

* Analyzes the mechanical properties of synovial joints, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear force.
* Discusses the influence of joint shape, muscle attachments, and ligamentous support on joint function.

Example: ACL injuries are common in athletes who engage in activities that involve rapid changes in direction. The ACL is a ligament that stabilizes the knee joint, preventing excessive rotation.

Chapter 4: Cartilaginous Joints

* Covers the structure and function of cartilaginous joints, which are characterized by the presence of cartilage-to-cartilage contact.
* Explains the biomechanical advantages and disadvantages of cartilaginous joints compared to synovial joints.

Example: The pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint that provides support and flexibility between the pelvic bones.

Chapter 5: Fibrous Joints

* Describes the structure and function of fibrous joints, which are held together by fibrous connective tissue.
* Discusses the role of fibrous joints in providing stability and limiting motion.

Example: The sutures between the bones of the skull are fibrous joints that prevent excessive movement and protect the brain.

Chapter 6: Joint Development and Repair

* Outlines the developmental stages of joints from embryonic to adult life.
* Examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in joint repair and regeneration.

Example: Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that involves transplanting healthy bone tissue to damaged joints to promote healing and restore function.

Chapter 7: Joint Pain and Disorders

* Discusses common joint pain disorders, such as arthritis, tendinitis, and bursitis.
* Explains the underlying causes, symptoms, and treatment options for these disorders.

Example: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects the synovial membrane of joints, leading to inflammation, swelling, and pain.