Plato Opera Vol. III

Synopsis

(Thg., Chrm., Laches, Lysis: Euthd., Prot., Gorg., Meno; Hp. Ma. et Min., Io, Mnx.) Edited by J. Burnet.

Summary

Chapter 1: Apology

This chapter presents Socrates' defense speech before the Athenian court, where he was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth. Socrates argues that he is not a wise man but rather a seeker of knowledge who has been guided by his divine sign, the "daimon." He also denies the accusations of impiety, claiming that he believes in the gods. Despite his eloquent defense, Socrates is found guilty and sentenced to death.

Real Example: In modern times, the case of Socrates has been used to illustrate the dangers of questioning established authority and societal norms. It has also been invoked in debates about the limits of free speech and the role of the individual conscience.

Chapter 2: Euthyphro

In this chapter, Socrates engages in a dialogue with Euthyphro, a religious expert, about the nature of piety. Socrates questions Euthyphro's definition of piety as "that which is loved by the gods" and argues that it must have an intrinsic value independent of divine approval. The dialogue explores the relationship between morality and religion and the search for true knowledge.

Real Example: The Euthyphro has been influential in moral philosophy, particularly in the debate about the nature of virtue. It raises questions about whether morality is based on external authority or on inherent goodness.

Chapter 3: Crito

This chapter presents Socrates in prison, where he is visited by his friend Crito. Crito urges Socrates to escape from prison and go into exile, but Socrates refuses. He argues that true justice requires him to abide by the laws of his city, even if they are unjust. Socrates also emphasizes the importance of living a virtuous life and remaining true to one's principles.

Real Example: The Crito has been a source of inspiration for those who have faced ethical dilemmas involving obedience to authority and the choice between life and principle. It has also been used in discussions about the nature of citizenship and the obligations of individuals to their society.

Chapter 4: Phaedo

The Phaedo is a dialogue that takes place in the prison on the day of Socrates' execution. Socrates discusses the immortality of the soul and the nature of true knowledge with his disciples. He argues that the soul is distinct from the body and that it survives death. The dialogue explores the themes of death, the afterlife, and the search for wisdom.

Real Example: The Phaedo has had a profound influence on Western philosophy, particularly on the development of the concept of the soul and its relationship to the body. It has also been influential in spiritual and religious traditions.

Chapter 5: Symposium

The Symposium is a dialogue that takes place at a banquet in Athens. The guests deliver speeches in praise of love, culminating in a speech by Socrates that describes the ascent to true love, which is a contemplation of the eternal and divine. The dialogue explores the nature of love, beauty, and the pursuit of wisdom.

Real Example: The Symposium has been influential in aesthetics and erotic philosophy. It has also been a source of inspiration for artists and writers who have explored the themes of love, beauty, and the human condition.