Morpho

Synopsis

In this book, Michel Lauricella presents both his artistic and systematicmethods for drawing the human body-with drawing techniques from theécorché (showing the musculature underneath the skin) to sketches ofmodels in action. In more than 1000 illustrations, the human body is shownfrom a new perspective-from bone structure to musculature, fromanatomical detail to the body in motion. Morpho is a rich, fascinating, andhelpful book that can go with you everywhere on your sketching journey.

Summary

Chapter 1: The Magic of Words

* Definition of morphology and its role in language
* Real example: The word "love" has different forms, such as "love," "loved," "loving," and "lovely," each with a specific meaning and grammatical function.

Chapter 2: Morphemes and Allomorphs

* Explanation of morphemes as the smallest meaningful units of language
* Discussion of allomorphs as different forms of the same morpheme
* Real example: The morpheme "-ing" appears in different forms, such as "ing," "ong," and "ung," depending on the word it is attached to.

Chapter 3: Bound and Free Morphemes

* Distinction between bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone, and free morphemes, which can
* Real example: The bound morpheme "-ness" is attached to words like "happy" and "sad" to form nouns, while the free morpheme "dog" can stand alone as a complete word.

Chapter 4: Affixation

* Overview of affixation, the process of adding morphemes to the beginning (prefixes), middle (infixes), or end (suffixes) of words
* Real example: The suffix "-ly" is added to adjectives like "quick" to form adverbs, such as "quickly."

Chapter 5: Compounding

* Explanation of compounding, the process of combining two or more words to form a new word with a new meaning
* Real example: The words "butter" and "fly" are combined to form the compound word "butterfly."

Chapter 6: Reduplication

* Discussion of reduplication, the process of repeating all or part of a word for emphasis or to convey a specific meaning
* Real example: In the word "zigzag," the sound "z" is repeated to create a sense of movement.

Chapter 7: Morphological Rules

* Overview of morphological rules, which govern the combination and modification of morphemes
* Real example: The English plural morpheme "-s" is added to words ending in a consonant, but "-es" is added to words ending in "s," "x," "ch," "sh," or "o."

Chapter 8: Morphological Analysis

* Methods for analyzing the morphological structure of words
* Real example: The word "unpredictable" can be broken down into the morphemes "un-," "predict-," and "-able."

Chapter 9: Morphological Productivity

* Explanation of morphological productivity, the ability of speakers to create new words based on existing morphological patterns
* Real example: The English suffix "-ize" can be attached to virtually any verb to form a new verb, such as "computerize" or "finalize."

Chapter 10: Morphological Change

* Overview of morphological change, the processes that lead to changes in the morphological structure of words over time
* Real example: The English word "night" was originally spelled "niht" and pronounced differently than it is today.