De Rerum Natura

Synopsis

Atomic atheism in verse.

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) lived ca. 99-ca. 55 BC, but the details of his career are unknown. He is the author of the great didactic poem in hexameters, De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things). In six books compounded of solid reasoning, brilliant imagination, and noble poetry, he expounds the scientific theories of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, with the aim of dispelling fear of the gods and fear of death and so enabling man to attain peace of mind and happiness.

In Book 1 he establishes the general principles of the atomic system, refutes the views of rival physicists, and proves the infinity of the universe and of its two ultimate constituents, matter and void. In Book 2 he explains atomic movement, the variety of atomic shapes, and argues that the atoms lack color, sensation, and other secondary qualities. In Book 3 he expounds the nature and composition of mind and spirit, proves their mortality, and argues that there is nothing to fear in death. Book 4 explains the nature of sensation and thought, and ends with an impressive account of sexual love. Book 5 describes the nature and formation of our world, astronomical phenomena, the beginnings of life on earth, and the development of civilization. In Book 6 the poet explains various atmospheric and terrestrial phenomena, including thunder, lightning, earthquakes, volcanoes, the magnet, and plagues.

The work is distinguished by the fervor and poetry of the author.

Summary

Chapter 1

Summary:
Epicurus introduces his philosophy of atomism and the nature of the universe. He argues that everything is composed of indestructible, indivisible atoms that move in a void. He introduces the concept of the "swerve," a random deviation that allows atoms to collide and form objects.

Real Example:
The atoms of hydrogen and oxygen can combine in various ways to form water molecules, such as H2O or D2O. The swerve might explain how these atoms deviate slightly to form different molecules.

Chapter 2

Summary:
Epicurus discusses the nature of the gods. He argues that the gods exist as perfect, blissful beings who reside in the interspaces between the atoms. He rejects the notion of divine punishment or intervention in human affairs.

Real Example:
Hypothetical beings called "Epicurean gods" could exist in the vastness of space, observing the universe without influencing it.

Chapter 3

Summary:
Epicurus introduces his ethics of pleasure. He argues that the ultimate goal of life is to achieve happiness, which he defines as the absence of pain and the presence of pleasure. He advocates for a life of moderation and balance, avoiding extremes and seeking contentment.

Real Example:
Engaging in moderate exercise, eating a healthy diet, and pursuing meaningful relationships can contribute to happiness by minimizing pain and enhancing pleasure.

Chapter 4

Summary:
Epicurus discusses the nature of fear and the importance of understanding the world. He argues that fear, especially of death and the gods, stems from ignorance and misunderstanding. He encourages his followers to study nature and seek knowledge to overcome these fears.

Real Example:
Educating oneself about the natural processes of life and death can help reduce the fear associated with them.

Chapter 5

Summary:
Epicurus offers practical advice on how to live a happy and fulfilling life. He emphasizes the importance of friendship, gratitude, and living in the present moment. He warns against excessive desires and attachments, as they can lead to suffering.

Real Example:
Cultivating close relationships, expressing appreciation for others, and focusing on the joys of the present can contribute to a happier life.